Food insecurity and low self-efficacy are associated with increased healthcare utilization among adults with type II diabetes mellitus

Objective Food insecurity has been shown to negatively impact health outcomes, disease management and hospitalizations. Despite the increasing burden of type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the United States, little research exists on the role of food insecurity and its association to T2DM-related healthcare utilization. The purpose of our study was to address such a gap in the literature by evaluating the role of food insecurity and T2DM-related past 12-month hospitalization or emergency department (ED) admission among adults with healthcare professional diagnosed T2DM. Methods We utilized the California Health Interview Survey (CHIS), 2009, 2011/2012 data to select CHIS participants who were aged 18 or older and reported doctor diagnosis of T2DM; resulting in a total of 8252 participants. Food insecurity was defined as: living at or above 200% federal poverty level (FPL), living below 200% FPL but food secure, living below 200% FPL and food insecure. A secondary exposure variable of interest was self-efficacy, based on the CHIS-provided variable of confidence to manage T2DM. All analyses were survey weighted with alpha less than .05 noting significance. Results Those with low food security (12.96%) and low-self efficacy (15.14%), reported significantly higher prevalence of T2DM-related healthcare utilization, as compared to their counterparts. Both living with low food security and having low self-efficacy were also associated with over two-fold increase in healthcare utilization. Conclusion Our results demonstrate the cumulative need for community-based resources to improve the continuum of care and ensure that such at-risk populations have adequate resources for disease management.