TY - JOUR
T1 - Caffeine and nicotine
T2 - A review of their joint use and possible interactive effects in tobacco withdrawal
AU - Swanson, John A.
AU - Lee, Jerry W.
AU - Hopp, Joyce W.
N1 - There is a strong, significant relationship between coffee consumption and smoking. In six epidemiological studies reviewed and analyzed here, 86.4% of smokers consumed coffee versus 77.2% of nonsmokers. Exsmokers use more coffee than nonsmokers but somewhat less than smokers. Seventeen experimental studies suggest that the pharmacologic effect of caffeine in coffee may be partially but not totally responsible for the relationship.
PY - 1994/5
Y1 - 1994/5
N2 - There is a strong, significant relationship between coffee consumption and smoking. In six epidemiological studies reviewed and analyzed here, 86.4% of smokers consumed coffee versus 77.2% of nonsmokers. Exsmokers use more coffee than nonsmokers but somewhat less than smokers. Seventeen experimental studies suggest that the pharmacologic effect of caffeine in coffee may be partially but not totally responsible for the relationship. Conditioning, a reciprocal interaction (caffeine intake increases anxiety/ arousal - nicotine decreases it), or joint effect of a third variable (e.g., stress, alcohol) may account for the relationship. In abstinent smokers, blood caffeine levels increase and remain elevated for as long as 6 months. These higher caffeine plasma levels may be sufficient to produce caffeine toxicity syndrome. A review of 86 studies of nicotine withdrawal, caffeine withdrawal, and caffeine toxicity suggests that the symptoms are similar enough to be confused, and that reported nicotine withdrawal symptoms may be a mixture of nicotine withdrawal and caffeine toxicity.
AB - There is a strong, significant relationship between coffee consumption and smoking. In six epidemiological studies reviewed and analyzed here, 86.4% of smokers consumed coffee versus 77.2% of nonsmokers. Exsmokers use more coffee than nonsmokers but somewhat less than smokers. Seventeen experimental studies suggest that the pharmacologic effect of caffeine in coffee may be partially but not totally responsible for the relationship. Conditioning, a reciprocal interaction (caffeine intake increases anxiety/ arousal - nicotine decreases it), or joint effect of a third variable (e.g., stress, alcohol) may account for the relationship. In abstinent smokers, blood caffeine levels increase and remain elevated for as long as 6 months. These higher caffeine plasma levels may be sufficient to produce caffeine toxicity syndrome. A review of 86 studies of nicotine withdrawal, caffeine withdrawal, and caffeine toxicity suggests that the symptoms are similar enough to be confused, and that reported nicotine withdrawal symptoms may be a mixture of nicotine withdrawal and caffeine toxicity.
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/0028237979
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/0028237979#tab=citedBy
U2 - 10.1016/0306-4603(94)90027-2
DO - 10.1016/0306-4603(94)90027-2
M3 - Article
C2 - 7942243
SN - 0306-4603
VL - 19
SP - 229
EP - 256
JO - Addictive Behaviors
JF - Addictive Behaviors
IS - 3
ER -